{"id":9802,"date":"2024-04-15T15:56:39","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T12:26:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%b1%db%8c-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%da%98%db%8c-%d9%88-%d9%88%db%8c%da%98%da%af%db%8c-%d8%a2%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7\/"},"modified":"2024-04-17T14:08:05","modified_gmt":"2024-04-17T10:38:05","slug":"rechargeable-batteries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/en\/rechargeable-batteries\/","title":{"rendered":"Rechargeable batteries and Features"},"content":{"rendered":"<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong> Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells are batteries that can be used many times. Rechargeable batteries are an energy storage device that can be recharged after being discharged by applying DC current to its terminals. In general, rechargeable batteries are a reasonable alternative to non-rechargeable batteries or primary batteries. Not being required to be replaced in the short term and the ability to use it many times, although the consumer price of these batteries may seem higher than the original batteries at first, but in the long run, this type of battery will be more economical to consumers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>2- Features of rechargeable batteries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Among the features of rechargeable batteries, the following can be mentioned:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Very long life<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Less damage to the environment due to the production of less waste<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Compatibility of its metal hydride type with the environment due to the absence of toxic substances inside<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">High variety in size and dimensions<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Can be used in all kinds of household appliances<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>3- Types of rechargeable batteries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Rechargeable batteries are divided into several categories in terms of internal structure and materials used in it:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">1- Nickel cadmium<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">2- Nickel metal hydride<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">3- Lithium ion<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">4- Lithium polymer<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">5- Lead acid<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>3-1\u00a0 Nickel Cadmium (NiCd): <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Nickel Cadmium batteries are a type of rechargeable batteries that use nickel and cadmium oxide in their structure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The components of this type of battery are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">A positive electrode plate of nickel (III) oxide-hydroxide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Negative cadmium electrode plate<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">A separator<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">An alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The most common size of rechargeable batteries that have this chemical structure is the size of AA and AAA. The most common use of these types of batteries is in household appliances such as toys, rechargeable brooms and wireless phones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The nominal voltage of this type of battery is 1.2 volts. The lower nominal voltage compared to primary cells of carbon-zinc and alkaline cells (the nominal voltage of alkaline and carbon-zinc cells is 1.5) makes it impossible to replace primary cells in all cases of use with this type of cell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">It should be noted that cadmium is included in the category of heavy metals, and this makes disposal of these types of batteries a more complicated and difficult process than primary batteries. Cadmium is considered as a heavy metal, a toxic and dangerous metal for the environment, and its disposal or burning causes a lot of pollution. Today, many countries are looking to recycle these types of cells, but in general, due to the dangers caused by the use of cadmium, this type of cell has been replaced with nickel metal hydride technology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>3-2\u00a0 Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH): <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">These batteries are very similar to the nickel cadmium type, but the removal of cadmium from the structure of these cells made the nickel metal hydride type much less harmful than nickel cadmium.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">In these types of cells, the positive electrode is made of nickel oxide hydroxide and the negative electrode is a metal alloy. This alloy must have the hydrogen absorbant. During charging, electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode and attract hydrogen to the positive electrode. During discharge, electrons flow from the positive electrode to the negative electrode and release hydrogen from the positive electrode.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">One of the advantages of replacing cadmium with a metal alloy was increasing the capacity of this cell by 2 to 3 times. In addition, the life of these cells increased and reached more than 1000 charge and discharge cycles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">\u00a0 The chemical reaction that occurs in the negative electrode of the NiMH cell is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">H2O + M + e\u2212 \u21cc OH\u2212 + MH<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">\u00a0 And the chemical reaction in the positive electrode is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Ni(OH)2 + OH\u2212 \u21cc NiO(OH) + H2O + e\u2212<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">During charging, reactions occur from left to right, and during discharge, the same reactions proceed from right to left. The bidirectional nature of the reactions has given secondary cells the ability to be charged.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The electrolyte of these types of cells is alkaline and potassium hydroxide is usually used as an electrolyte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>3-3 Lithium-ion: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The invention and commercialization of lithium-ion batteries may have one of the biggest impacts in recent technology history.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">\u00a0 A lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible combination of Li+ ions in electronic conductive solids to store energy. Compared to other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries have higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, longer life cycle and longer shelf life in packaging.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Like all batteries, these types of batteries are made of three main parts: positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">In general, the negative electrode of a typical lithium-ion cell is graphite made of carbon. The positive electrode is usually a metal oxide or phosphate. The electrolyte is a lithium salt in an organic solvent. The negative electrode (which is the anode when the cell is discharging) and the positive electrode (which is the cathode when the cell is discharging) are protected from short circuit by the separator. When the cell is being charged, the negative and positive electrodes switch their electrochemical roles (anode and cathode). However, in battery design terms, the negative electrode of a rechargeable cell is often just called the &#8220;anode&#8221; and the positive electrode the &#8220;cathode&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9765 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20width=&#39;477&#39;%20height=&#39;355&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%20477%20355&#39;%2F%3E\" data-czlz data-src=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"477\" height=\"355\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r1.jpg 477w, https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r1-300x223.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9767 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20width=&#39;302&#39;%20height=&#39;257&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%20302%20257&#39;%2F%3E\" data-czlz data-src=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"257\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r2.jpg 302w, https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r2-300x255.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Depending on the type of materials used in lithium batteries, the voltage, energy density, lifespan, and safety can vary significantly. Currently, efforts to improve the performance of these batteries using nanotechnology are ongoing. Areas working on this are: materials used in nanoscale electrodes and other alternative electrode structures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lithium batteries are much more expensive than nickel-cadmium batteries, but they operate in a higher temperature range and have a higher energy density. These batteries need a protection circuit to control the peak voltage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Batteries gradually and over time, their charge level will decrease by itself. For today&#8217;s lithium batteries, this is usually 1.5-2% per month. This rate can increase with the increase in temperature and battery charge status.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>3-4 Lithium polymers:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lithium polymer batteries or more precisely lithium ion polymer batteries are another category of rechargeable batteries that have evolved from lithium ion and lithium metal batteries. Highly conductive semi-solid polymers (gels) form this type of batteries\u2019 electrolyte. These batteries provide higher specific energy than other types of lithium batteries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">\u00a0The main difference is that instead of using a liquid lithium salt electrolyte (such as lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6) that is kept in an organic solvent (such as EC\/DMC\/DEC), the battery uses a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) such as polyethylene. glycol (PEG), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The basis of operation of lithium polymer batteries, like lithium ion batteries, is based on the removal of lithium ions from a positive electrode material and a negative electrode material. To prevent the electrodes from coming into direct contact with each other, a micro porous separator is placed in between, allowing only ions and not electrode particles to migrate from one side to the other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Polymer electrolytes can be divided into two major categories: solid dry polymer electrolytes (SPE) and gel polymer electrolytes (GPE).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Compared with liquid electrolytes and solid organic electrolytes, polymer electrolyte offers advantages such as increased resistance to volume changes of electrodes during charge and discharge processes, improved safety characteristics. They also have excellent flexibility and process ability. Lithium polymer cells allow the manufacturers to take any desired shape and can be used for a wide variety of applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The rated voltage of this type is around 3.6 or 3.7 volts, but it is considered fully charged from 4.2 volts, and when the voltage drops to 3 to 2.7 volts, the battery is considered fully discharged. The range of application of this technology includes rechargeable batteries from household uses such as toys and small helicopters, batteries for mobile phones, tablets and laptops to larger uses such as batteries for hybrid cars. Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly common in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. They offer countless advantages over the traditional VRLA battery, and as stability and safety improve, trust in this technology is increasing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Their power-to-size-to-weight ratio is considered as a huge advantage in many industries that require critical power backup, including data centers where space is often at a premium.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>3-5 lead acid:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lead acid batteries are among the batteries that are usually used for high power supply. This battery is mainly used in cars. Lead-acid batteries have large dimensions and relatively high weight. This type of battery is also used in emergency power sources due to its ability to store high energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lead acid batteries are mainly divided into two categories:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">1- wet lead acid batteries<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">2- Dry lead acid batteries<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lead acid batteries were more common in the past and are not used much now. Most new equipment, especially some types of UPS, are dry acid shielded.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Components of lead acid batteries:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Plastic door and wall covering its outer surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Plate separator that acts as an insulator.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Negative electro active plates or cathode (NAM)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Positive electro active plates or anode (PAM)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lead fittings<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Electrolyte<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">These batteries have many uses, including<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">UPS power supply battery<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Telecommunication equipment battery<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Medical equipment battery<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Electric wheelchair battery<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Electric forklift battery<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Battery for solar systems<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Automatic door control circuit battery<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\"><strong>4- Recycling of batteries:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">The chemicals used in rechargeable batteries are very dangerous for the environment; hence the best way for non-consumable batteries is to recycle them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Nickel cadmium batteries, which have very limited use today and have been replaced by nickel metal hydride batteries, are considered one of the most dangerous types of batteries for the environment. Cadmium is one of the heavy metals, which is a great danger to the environment and human health, so this type of battery was collected, in cadmium recycling centers it was recycled up to 99% and used again in other batteries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Nickel metal hydride batteries, which have a longer life than nickel-cadmium batteries and do not pose a great risk to the environment, are recycled by mechanical methods. Plastic, hydrogen and nickel are separated from each other. After recycling, nickel is used in making stainless steel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lithium-ion batteries have the longest lifespan among rechargeable batteries and have a cost-effective recycling process. The recycling of these batteries is done by thermal decomposition or pyrolysis, and during this process, amounts of cobalt, iron and copper are obtained. These materials are used in iron smelting, cement factories and road construction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px;\">Lead acid batteries also need to be recycled. In the recycling of lead-acid batteries, lead, plastic (generally polypropylene) and acid in these batteries are separated. The lead separated from the batteries is prepared in heat treatment for the production of new batteries. After washing, plastics are turned into old granules and sent to plastic factories. Their acids also return to the consumption cycle after purification.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9770 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20width=&#39;534&#39;%20height=&#39;284&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%20534%20284&#39;%2F%3E\" data-czlz data-src=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"534\" height=\"284\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r3.jpg 534w, https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/r3-300x160.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells are batteries that can be used many times. Rechargeable batteries are an energy storage &#8230; <a class=\"cz_readmore cz_readmore_no_icon\" href=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/en\/rechargeable-batteries\/\"><span>Read more<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":9780,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9802","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-battery-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.2.1 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Rechargeable batteries and Features - Sam Arsh Parseh<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/samarshparseh.com\/en\/rechargeable-batteries\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rechargeable batteries and Features\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells are batteries that can be used many times. 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